Comparison of 3 intraosseous catheter sites and methods of determining placement success in cadaver rabbits.

The study goals were to determine if intraosseous (IO) catheters can be placed with greater success into the humerus, femur, or tibia of cadaver rabbits, and to evaluate the accuracy of perceived success (PS) and objective clinical success (OCS) criteria against true intramedullary catheterization confirmed by fluoroscopy. This was a prospective study utilizing 12 rabbit cadavers. Twenty-two participants attempted IO catheter placement at 3 sites. Perceived success, OCS, and fluoroscopic true success (FTS) were recorded. A Fisher's exact test was used to compare PS, OCS, and FTS, and FTS rates between sites (P < 0.05). A Wilcoxon test was used to compare speed of placement (P < 0.05). Overall, of 66 attempts, PS was reported in 86.4%, OCS was documented in 62.1%, FTS was confirmed in 43.9%. Perceived success and OCS overestimated FTS (P ≤ 0.01 and P = 0.027, respectively). Confirmation of FTS occurred in 10/22 (45.5%) humeral, 5/22 (22.7%) femoral, and 14/22 (63.6%) tibial (P = 0.03) attempts. Median time until placement for the humerus was 37.5 seconds (range: 15 to 125 seconds); the femur 135 seconds (range: 91 to 148 seconds); the tibia 49 seconds (range: 19 to 150 seconds). The humerus and tibia were faster to catheterize than the femur (P = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively). Participant PS and OCS criteria overestimated FTS. The humerus or tibia may be more successful and are faster to catheterize.

Les objectifs de la présente étude étaient de déterminer si des cathéters intra-osseux (IO) peuvent être placés avec plus de succès dans l'humérus, le fémur ou le tibia de cadavres de lapins, et d'évaluer la précision des critères du succès perçu (PS) et du succès clinique objectif (OCS) versus le cathétérisme intramédullaire réel confirmé par fluoroscopie. Il s'agissait d'une étude prospective utilisant 12 cadavres de lapin. Vingt-deux participants ont tenté le placement des cathéters IO aux trois sites. Le PS, l'OCS et le succès réel par fluoroscopie (FTS) furent notés. Un test exact de Fisher fut utilisé pour comparer PS, OCS, et FTS, et les taux de FTS entre les sites (P < 0,05). Un test de Wilcoxon a été utilisé pour comparer la vitesse de placement (P < 0,05). Globalement, des 66 essais, PS a été rapporté dans 86,4 % des cas, OCS a été documenté dans 62,1 % des cas, et FTS a été confirmé dans 43,9 % des cas. Le PS et l'OCS surestimaient le FTS (P ≤ 0,01 et P = 0,027, respectivement). La confirmation de FTS s'est produite dans 10/22 (45,5 %) des essais sur l'humérus, 5/22 (22,7 %) des essais sur le fémur, et 14/22 (63,6 %) des essais sur le tibia (P = 0,03).Le temps médian du placement pour l'humérus était de 37,5 secondes (écart : 15 à 125 secondes); pour le fémur de 135 secondes (écart : 91 à 148 secondes); et pour le tibia de 49 secondes (écart : 19 à 150 secondes). Le cathétérisme de l'humérus et du tibia étaient plus rapides que celui du fémur (P = 0,01 et 0,03, respectivement). Les critères pour le PS et l'OCS des participants surestimaient le FTS. L'humérus et le tibia sont plus rapides à cathétériser et le taux de succès est meilleur.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).

Nesiritide protects endothelial function after balloon-induced trauma in the iliac artery in rabbits

To assess the effect of nesiritide on the endothelial function of iliac arteries following endothelia trauma. Right iliac artery trauma was created with a balloon catheter. Ten rabbits were treated with a 4-week subcutaneous injection of nesiritide at a fixed daily dose of 0.1mg/kg. Ten rabbits received daily normal saline injection. Plasma endothelin 1 (ET-1), nitric oxide (NO), and Von Willebrand Factor (vWF) were measured before and after the therapies. Tissue proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was measured after the treatment. After the treatment, in the therapeutic group, the area under internal elastic membrane and the residual lumen area were higher than in the normal saline group (P <0.05). The plasma levels of ET-1 (91.6±6.8 vs 114.9±6.3 ng/L, P =0.001), vWF (134.6±10.8% vs 188.8±10.4%, P =0.001) and the ratio of PCNA positive expression (11.7±4.2% vs 36.2±11.4%, P =0.005) in the therapeutic group was lower than in the normal saline group, while the plasma levels of NO was higher (89.7±9.3 vs 43.5±5.3 µmol/L, P =0.001). Nesiritide inhibited remodeling of rabbit iliac artery following endothelial trauma. The inhibition of vascular remodeling may be related to the alleviated endothelial dysfunction and reduced expression of tissue proliferating cell nuclear antigen

Antisepsia en la manipulación de las conexiones de los accesos vasculares / Antisepsis in the handling of vascular access connections

Los conectores sin aguja proporcionan puntos de acceso fácil al sistema vascular para la administración de fluidos, evitando riesgos de punción accidental y aumentando la seguridad en la manipulación del acceso vascular. Una manipulación no aséptica puede favorecer su contaminación, convirtiéndolos en puerta de entrada de contaminantes endoluminales con capacidad de desencadenar complicaciones infecciosas de graves consecuencias para el paciente. ave y evitable, es necesario incluir en los programas de prevención aquellas medidas que eviten factores predisponentes como serían el aumento de la capacitación del personal, el diseño seguro de los dispositivos, la mejora del procedimiento de desinfección y el uso óptimo del antiséptico. Monitorizar la aplicación de prácticas seguras y difundir los resultados es importante para promover la comprensión de riesgos y beneficios que comporta la descontaminación de las conexiones y mejorar así la seguridad de los pacientes

Needleless connectors provide easy access points to the vascular system for the administration of fluids, avoiding the risk of accidental punctures and increasing safety in vascular access manipulation. Non-aseptic manipulation can favor contamination, turning connectors into the penetration route for endoluminal contaminants with the capacity of triggering infectious complications, with serious consequences for the patient. Considering catheter-related bacteremia as a serious and avoidable adverse effect, prevention programs should incorporate measures to combat predisposing factors, such as improved staff training, the safe design of devices, improved disinfection procedures, and optimized antiseptic use. Monitoring adherence to safe practices and reporting results are important to promote understanding of the risks and benefits of decontaminating connections and thus to improve patient safety

Antisepsia en el sondaje urinario y en el mantenimiento de la sonda vesical / Antiseptic urinary catheterization and maintenance of the bladder catheter

La infección del tracto urinario asociada al catéter es muy común tanto en el entorno hospitalario comunitario como en el de agudos, especialmente en el ámbito de cuidados intensivos. Para minimizar este problema es esencial realizar un abordaje correcto desde la inserción del catéter urinario hasta la extracción del mismo y aplicar siempre medidas antisépticas adecuadas. Hay demasiada información sobre las medidas antisépticas sin resultados consistentes. Este artículo tiene como objetivo revisar la evidencia científica existente sobre el tema y hacer recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia, a fin de optimizar los resultados. Todo el proceso se complementa con algunas consideraciones para lograr un manejo adecuado del catéter urinario del paciente

Catheter-related urinary tract infections are very common both in the community and in the acute hospital care setting, particularly in the critical care environment. In order to minimize this problem, it is essential to adopt a correct approach from insertion to withdrawal of the urinary catheter, and always perform proper antisepsis. There is too much information on antisepsis measures with no consistent results. The present article reviews the existing scientific evidence on the subject and establishes recommendations based on the evidence, in order to optimize outcomes. The entire process is complemented with considerations on how to secure proper management of the indwelling urinary catheter

Steerable catheters for minimally invasive surgery: a review and future directions.

The steerable catheter refers to the catheter that is manipulated by a mechanism which may be driven by operators or by actuators. The steerable catheter for minimally invasive surgery has rapidly become a rich and diverse area of research. Many important achievements in design, application and analysis of the steerable catheter have been made in the past decade. This paper aims to provide an overview of the state of arts of steerable catheters. Steerable catheters are classified into four main groups based on the actuation principle: (1) tendon driven catheters, (2) magnetic navigation catheters, (3) soft material driven catheters (shape memory effect catheters, steerable needles, concentric tubes, conducting polymer driven catheters and hydraulic pressure driven catheters), and (4) hybrid actuation catheters. The advantages and limitations of each of them are commented and discussed in this paper. The future directions of research are summarized.

La colocación de catéteres doble J con anestesia local en régimen ambulatorio es un procedimiento seguro y eficiente para el manejo de distintas patologías ureterales / Office stent placement under local anesthesia is a safe and efficient procedure for the management of multiple ureteral disorders

Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de la colocación de catéteres doble J con anestesia local para el manejo de distintas patologías ureterales. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 45 cateterismos ureterales consecutivos con anestesia local desde enero de 2015 hasta julio de 2016. Se incluyeron pacientes hemodinámicamente estables con una obstrucción o fístula urinaria o para la identificación ureteral durante una cirugía abdominopélvica. Cinco minutos antes del procedimiento se instilaron 10 ml de gel-lidocaína y 50 ml de suero-lidocaína en la vejiga. Se colocaron catéteres 4,8 Fr mediante un cistoscopio flexible de 15,5 Fr y escopia. Se analizaron las características y resultados de los procedimientos. Resultados: Se realizaron 45 procedimientos (33 colocaciones, 12 recambios) en 37 pacientes, de los cuales 40 (89%) fueron exitosos. Con una edad media de 58,6 años (±17,5), se intervinieron 10 hombres (27%) y 27 mujeres (73%). Las principales indicaciones fueron litiasis (37,8%), compresiones extrínsecas del uréter (28,9%) y la localización intraoperatoria ureteral (22,2%). Los intentos infructuosos fueron debidos a la incapacidad para ascender la guía/catéter en 4 casos (8,8%) o para identificar el meato ureteral en uno (2,2%). Ocho pacientes (17,8%) presentaron alguna complicación postoperatoria (7 Clavien I, uno Clavien IIIa). Ningún procedimiento se interrumpió por dolor. El análisis estadístico no encontró ningún factor predictor de éxito. El régimen ambulatorio fue 4 veces más barato. Conclusiones: La colocación de catéteres ureterales se puede realizar de forma eficaz y segura bajo anestesia local en el gabinete de cistoscopias. Este procedimiento podría ahorrar tiempo operatorio, reducir costes y minimizar los efectos secundarios de la anestesia general

Objective: To assess the outcomes of ureteral stent placement under local anesthesia for the management of multiple ureteral disorders. Methods: Retrospective study of 45 consecutive ureteral stents placed under local anesthesia from January 2015 to July 2016. Inclusion criteria were hemodynamically stable patients with urinary obstruction, urinary fistula or for prophylactic ureteral localization during surgery. Five minutes before the procedure, 10 ml of lidocaine gel and 50 ml of lidocaine solution were instilled in the bladder. A 4.8 Fr ureteral stent was placed using a 15.5 Fr flexible cystoscope under fluoroscopic control. Characteristics of procedures and outcomes were analysed. Results: A total of 45 procedures (33 placement, 12 replacements) were attempted in 37 patients, of which 40 (89%) were successful. There were 10 male (27%) and 27 female patients (73%) with a mean age of 58.6 years (±17.5). Main indications for stent placement were stones (37.8%), extrinsic ureteral compression (28.9%) and surgery ureteral localization (22.2%). The reasons for failing to complete a procedure were the inability to pass the guidewire/stent in 4 cases (8.8%) or to identify the ureteral orifice in 1 (2.2%). Postoperative complications occurred in 8 patients (17.8%) (7 Clavien I, 1 Clavien IIIa). No procedure was prematurely terminated due to pain. Statistical analysis did not find significant successful predictors. The outpatient setting provided a fourfold cost decrease. Conclusions: Ureteral stent placement can be safely and effectively performed under local anesthesia in the office cystoscopy room. This procedure could free operating room time, reduce costs and minimize side effects of general anesthesia

How I use catheter-directed interventional therapy to treat patients with venous thromboembolism.

Patients who present with severe manifestations of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) are at higher risk for premature death and long-term disability. In recent years, catheter-based interventional procedures have shown strong potential to improve clinical outcomes in selected VTE patients. However, physicians continue to be routinely faced with challenging decisions that pertain to the utilization of these risky and costly treatment strategies, and there is a relative paucity of published clinical trials with sufficient rigor and directness to inform clinical practice. In this article, using 3 distinct clinical scenario presentations, we draw from the available published literature describing the natural history, pathophysiology, treatments, and outcomes of VTE to illustrate the key factors that should influence clinical decision making for patients with severe manifestations of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The results of a recently completed pivotal multicenter randomized trial are also discussed.

Effectiveness of a handmade "New Carotid Catheter" in transradial carotid angiography: A comparison with conventional multipurpose catheters.

OBJECTIVE: The incidence and severity of carotid atherosclerosis increases in proportion with coronary artery disease and its severity. A special catheter specifically used for transradial carotid angiography has not yet been marketed. In this study, we investigate the feasibility and safety of our carotid catheter, which was made by reshaping currently available catheters. METHODS: Between 2010 and 2017, a total of 921 patients with indications for carotid angiography were identified after angiographic examinations and included in the study. Carotid angiography was performed in 403 patients (female, n = 161) using the 3.5 JL catheter, while in 518 (female, n = 207) patients, new catheters were employed. The new catheter was shaped like a hook in the laboratory with a heat gun. Demographic information and angiographic data from the patients in both groups were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The baseline characteristics of both groups were comparable. When compared with the use of a 3.5 JL catheter, right transradial carotid angiographies performed with our new handmade catheter resulted in lesser amounts of opaque material used (55 mL vs 66 mL, P < 0.001) and shorter total fluoroscopy time, (3.60 ± 1.85 min vs 3.14 ± 1.55 min, P < 0.001). The handmade catheter also resulted in a higher success rate of selective visualization (97% vs 40%, P < 0.001). Rates of minor complication were comparable between the two catheters (6.5% vs 6.6% P = 234). Neither permanent damage nor morbidity or mortality was observed in either arm. DISCUSSION: Currently available catheters and methods are inadequate for routine transradial carotid angiography. For routine transradial carotid angiography, innovatively designed catheters are required. The catheter we developed for transradial carotid angiography was more successful than the conventional catheter in obtaining satisfactory images. High quality images can be obtained with the newly designed catheters. CONCLUSION: Transradial carotid angiography can be performed using our newly developed carotid catheter. The carotid arteries of patients with widespread coronary artery disease can be visualized, while asymptomatic patients carrying a high risk of stroke can be treated, preventing potential stroke occurrence. In a larger-scale comparative study, the favorable contributions of routine use of the new method and a decreased frequency of stroke may be demonstrated.

Medical Devices; Cardiovascular Devices; Classification of the Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty Catheter. Final order.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA, Agency, or we) is classifying the balloon aortic valvuloplasty catheter into class II (special controls). The special controls that will apply to the device are identified in this order and will be part of the codified language for the balloon aortic valvuloplasty catheter's classification. The Agency is classifying the device into class II (special controls) to provide a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness of the device.

Enfermedad cardiaca carcinoide. Papel del octeótride en el manejo perioperatorio / Carcinoid heart disease. Role of octeotride in perioperative management

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Lesión en el lóbulo inferior derecho pulmonar por catéter Shaldon / Right lower pulmonary lobe injury due to a Shaldon catheter

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Hidrotórax en Diálisis Peritoneal. A propósito de dos casos / Hydrothorax in peritoneal dialysis: a report of two cases

El hidrotórax como complicación en Diálisis Peritoneal (DP) puede producirse por el paso de líquido de diálisis, de peritoneo a pleura cuando existe una comunicación congénita o adquirida en la barrera diafragmática. Puede ser asintomático o manifestarse con disnea, tos, dolor torácico, disminución del volumen de drenaje o simular un déficit de ultrafiltración. Existe una relación entre el aumento de la Presión Intraperitoneal (PIP) y la aparición de hidrotórax. El diagnóstico se realiza por radiografía de tórax, toracentesis y gammagrafía. Es una complicación seria y poco frecuente que generalmente ocasiona el abandono de la técnica, aunque la realización de pleurodesis química con sustancias esclerosantes (talco, tetraciclinas, sangre) puede ser un tratamiento eficaz para resolver la comunicación pleuroperitoneal. Describimos dos casos de hidrotórax que aparecieron después de tres meses de inicio de la DP, cursaron con derrame pleural derecho, tos, disnea y disminución del volumen de drenaje, el diagnostico se realizo mediante radiografía de tórax, toracentesis y gammagrafía con infusión intraperitoneal del radioisótopo. Los dos casos se resolvieron con la suspensión de la diálisis peritoneal. En base a la relación existente entre la PIP y la aparición de fugas de líquido hacia diferentes cavidades entre ellas la cavidad pleural, podría ser interesante medir y monitorizar los resultados de la Presión Intraperitoneal como parte de la rutina de las actividades enfermeras. Para realizar la gammagrafía, la colaboración entre la Enfermería de DP y Medicina Nuclear permite la administración del radioisótopo de forma segura e indolora (AU)

Hydrothorax as complication in Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) can be produced by the passage of dialysis fluid from the peritoneum to pleura when there is a communication congenital or acquired diaphragmatic wall. It may be asymptomatic or manifest with dyspnea, cough, chest pain, decreased amount of drainage or simulate a deficit of ultrafiltration. There is a relationship between increased intraperitoneal pressure (IP) and the appearance of hydrothorax. The diagnosis is made by chest X-ray, thoracentesis and gammagraphy. It is a serious and rare complication that usually causes the abandonment of techniques while the realization of chemical pleurodesis with sclerosing agents (talc, tetracyclines, blood) can be an effective treatment to solve the pleuroperitoneal communication. We describe two cases of hydrothorax that appeared after three months of start of PD, coursing with right pleural effusion, cough, dyspnea and decreased volume of drainage, the diagnosis was made by chest X-ray, thoracentesis and gammagraphy with intraperitoneal radioisotope infusion. The two cases were resolved with the suspension of peritoneal dialysis. Based on the relationship between the IP and the occurrence of leakage of fluid into different chambers including pleural cavity, it may be interesting to measure and monitor the results of the intraperitoneal pressure as part of the routine activities of nurses. To carry out the gammagraphy, the collaboration between DP nurse and Medicine Nuclear allow the safe and painless administration of the radioisotope (AU)

Factores predictores de contaminación ante un hemocultivo con crecimiento bacteriano en Urgencias / Predictive factors of contamination in a blood culture with bacterial growth in an Emergency Department

Introducción: El objetivo del estudio es identificar factores predictores de contaminación ante un hemocultivo (HC) con crecimiento bacteriano realizado en un servicio de Urgencias. Pacientes y métodos Estudio prospectivo, observacional-analítico. Se incluyen los pacientes de uno a 36 meses, febriles, sin factores de riesgo para bacteriemia, con un HC realizado en el Servicio de Urgencias entre noviembre de 2011 y octubre de 2013 en el que se observa crecimiento bacteriano. Se analizan como posibles factores predictores de contaminación: temperatura máxima, tiempo de positividad, resultado inicial de la tinción de Gram, leucocitos totales, neutrófilos totales, neutrófilos inmaduros y proteína C reactiva (PCR). Resultados: Se incluyen 169 casos. El crecimiento bacteriano del HC se considera significativo (positivo) en 30 (17,8%), y contaminado en 139 (82,2%). Todos los factores predictores analizados, a excepción de la temperatura, presentan diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los 2 grupos. Los 3 mejores predictores de contaminación son la PCR, el tiempo de positividad y el resultado inicial de la tinción de Gram. El valor predictivo positivo de una PCR≤30mg/L, un tiempo de positividad≥16h y una tinción de Gram con morfología bacteriana considerada como probable contaminación es del 95,1, 96,9 y 97,5%, respectivamente; el valor predictivo positivo es del 100% para la combinación de los 3 factores. Se reevalúan el 8,3% de los pacientes con un HC contaminado dados de alta inicialmente a domicilio. Conclusiones: La mayoría de HC con crecimiento bacteriano son finalmente considerados contaminados. El resultado inicial de la tinción de Gram, el tiempo de positividad y el valor de la PCR permiten identificarlos precozmente. Su pronta detección permitirá reducir las repercusiones negativas derivadas de los mismos (AU)

Introduction: The aim of this study is to identify predictive factors of bacterial contamination in positive blood cultures (BC) collected in an emergency department. Patients and methods: A prospective, observational and analytical study was conducted on febrile children aged on to 36 months, who had no risk factors of bacterial infection, and had a BC collected in the Emergency Department between November 2011 and October 2013 in which bacterial growth was detected. The potential BC contamination predicting factors analysed were: maximum temperature, time to positivity, initial Gram stain result, white blood cell count, absolute neutrophil count, band count, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Results: Bacteria grew in 169 BC. Thirty (17.8%) were finally considered true positives and 139 (82.2%) false positives. All potential BC contamination predicting factors analysed, except maximum temperature, showed significant differences between true positives and false positives. CRP value, time to positivity, and initial Gram stain result are the best predictors of false positives in BC. The positive predictive values of a CRP value≤30mg/L, BC time to positivity≥16h, and initial Gram stain suggestive of a contaminant in predicting a FP, are 95.1, 96.9 and 97.5%, respectively. When all 3 conditions are applied, their positive predictive value is 100%. Four (8.3%) patients with a false positive BC and discharged to home were revaluated in the Emergency Department. Conclusions: The majority of BC obtained in the Emergency Department that showed positive were finally considered false positives. Initial Gram stain, time to positivity, and CRP results are valuable diagnostic tests in distinguishing between true positives and false positives in BC. The early detection of false positives will allow minimising their negative consequences (AU)

Rotura de cuerpo cavernoso peneano / Traumatic rupture of corpus cavenosum

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Patient safety in peritoneal dialysis.

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is effective and safe when patients and caregivers understand the best practices. Health care teams responsible for PD must act in a coordinated and consistent manner to ensure the most effective outcomes. This chapter will review the evidence for PD and discuss the safety implications of the phases of PD from patient selection to education to maintenance.

Antibiotic-impregnated versus silver-bearing external ventricular drainage catheters: preliminary results in a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of antibiotic-impregnated (AI) and ionized silver particle coated external ventricular drainage catheters (EVD) in patients with subarachnoid (SAH) or intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS: Between February 2011 and June 2012, 40 patients with acute hydrocephalus due to SAH, ICH or intraventricular hemorrhage were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, mono-center pilot study. Primary endpoints were defined as: number of events of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infections. Secondary endpoints were defined as: neurosurgical complications following the placement of the EVD, number of revisions of EVD catheters, and cost effectiveness. RESULTS: Sixty-one EVD placements in 40 patients, 32 antibiotic-coated (Bactiseal(®)), 29 silver-bearing catheters (VentriGuard(®)), have been performed. Confirmed or high suspicion of CSF infections occurred in 11 out of 61 events (confirmed infection: p = 0.71, probable infection: p = 0.90). Revisions of EVD were needed in 13 cases (22 %) due to CSF infection, dysfunction, impaired healing, or malplacement (p = 0.37). CONCLUSION: Regarding CSF infection rate and dysfunction, no statistical significant differences between the two EVD catheters Bactiseal(®) versus VentriGuard(®) were found. The silver-bearing catheter might offer a safe and cost-conscious alternative to the AI catheter.

Guideliner catheter facilitated percutaneous coronary artery intervention of an anteriorly displaced and heavily calcified right coronary artery.

Failure to deliver stents is one of the most common causes of procedural failure in contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention practice. The right coronary artery with an anomalous origin is an uncommon and challenging vessel for percutaneous intervention especially if this occurs in combination with heavy calcification. Choosing the appropriate guiding catheter is one important factor in determining procedural success. The technical difficulty of these anomalous vessels is reflected by the long procedure, fluoroscopy times, and high contrast volumes. Despite using the optimal guiding catheter, we may have difficulty advancing the stent in the distal part of the vessel due to the development of significant friction between the stent and the calcified vessel wall. We report a case of successful use of the Guideliner catheter (Vascular Solutions) for distal stent delivery in a patient with a right coronary artery with anomalous origin (anteriorly displaced) and heavy calcification.